grasshopper excretory systemhow big were medieval cities in miles

Grasshopper posing poolside. Nitrogenous waste is discharged in the form of uric acid together with feces through anus. Most of this food is ingested in the form of macromolecules and other complex substances (such as proteins, polysaccharides, fats, nucleic acids, etc.) Circulatory System: Sea stars do not have a circulatory system. Reproductive System 9. yes. The excretory and reproductive system of vertebrates are interrelated and this complex is called UROGENITAL SYSTEM • The kidney is the main excretory organ of vertebrates. Answer (c) Under the fan. Digestive and Excretory Systems . The exoskeleton of the grasshopper is made of _____. An insect uses its digestive system to extract nutrients and other substances from the food it consumes. The stomach and esophagus are common in the humans body. Compound eye grasshoppers have 2 faceted eyes made up of many hexagonal lenses. 1) The excretory organs of grasshopper are called as _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _. a) Uriniferous tubules, b) Malpighian tubules. The digestive system of the earthworm comprises alimentary canal and glands along with physiology of digestion. … 2. ... excretory organ-grasshopper. The excretory products released include, CO2, urea, uric acid and other substances. Which two structures labeled in the diagram, other than the large vacuole, that indicate this cell is a … ... Grasshopper excretory system. UWL Website - BioWeb Home D) They will be absorbed by mitochondria in nearby cells. Transcribed image text: TABLE 19.1 Summary Table of Animal Characteristics (continued) Excretory Support Animal System Locomotion System Segmentation Appendages Sponge Nervous System Organization Hydra Planarian Clam Clamworm earthworm Roundworm Crayfish Grasshopper Sea star Lancelet Pig TABLE 19.1 … Grasshopper Systems Muhammad Rehan ForesterRehanUOS@yahoo.com +923469792050 Institute of agriculture sciences and... 2. List two characteristics of chitin that makes it a good material for the exoskeleton and wings of arthropods. Start studying Comparison Chart-Grasshopper vs.Crayfish. Excretory system: Purpose of excretion: Removal of nitrogenous wastes Maintenance / regulation of salts and water balance Primary excretory organs: Malpighian tubules and the rectum. The waste substances dissolved in the blood are carried to the kidneys for filtration. SYSTEMS OF GRASSHOPPER 1. The blood of grasshopper does not contain haemoglobin that is not red. While the absorbed food is taken to the grasshopper's many body parts where it is put to use, undigested food continues through the digestive system. i. Homeostasis u4. -Crayfish have an open circulatory system and humans have a closed circulatory system. Digestive System of Grasshopper: As grasshopper is an invertebrateanimal it is dissected from the dorsal side. Tracheal Breathing. Nervous System: Sea stars have a network of nerves that coordinates movements of tube feet and spines in the absence of a brain. Essay on the External Structures of Grasshopper: A. Each kidney is differentiated into a small non-renal part (genital part) and a long posterior renal part. The function of the gizzard seen in grasshopper and cockroach digestive system is. Removal of excretory products. The excretory system in humans being gathers and drains out the wastes from the body. 3. The waste, then, flows into malphigian tubules by osmosis and active transport. Economic Importance 11. Grasshopper Digestive/Excretory System (digest) Grasshopper Digestive/Excretory System (digest) Contact Us. … Digestive system 4. 402-472-4687. entomology@unl.edu. So, in grasshopper (or cockroach) the different processes of nutrition takes place in fully developed digestive system. C. Grinding of food materials. The thorax has three seg­ments—prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. ... clamworm/earthworm excretory system. Grasshopper adds a business line and virtual phone system to your personal phone, starting at $26/mo. C. Grinding of food materials. The excretory organs of grasshopper are the malpighian tubules which are coiled about in the haemocoel and open into the anterior end of the hindgut. 66. Circulatory system – heart 5. The hearts pump hemolymph into the sinuses of the hemocoel … ADVERTISEMENTS: Since the excretory and reproductive systems are closely associated, hence, it is customary to call the two systems together as a urogenital or urinogenital system, though both are unrelated functionally. Their free ends are completely closed. exoskeleton?-grasshopper. Label the tympanum, spiracles, head, thorax and abdomen Label the mouth, esophagus, gastric ceca, malpigian tubules, intestine (you can see a little bit at the posterior end) and ventral nerve cord. Solution Summary The excretory organ of grasshopper is the Malphigian tubules. Circulatory System 27. The challenges of survival for terrestrial insects such as the grasshoppers (order Orthoptera) include conserving water, particularly in arid regions of the world including the deserts and grasslands.As excretory organs, the Malpighian tubules not only get rid of nitrogenous wastes, they help properly maintain the … C) They will be destroyed by specialized blood cells. Grasshopper: Gas Exchange System Through tracheae Air enters through spiracles and passes through the tracheas directly to body cells Blood does not carry CO2 or O2 Grasshopper: Excretory System Main waste is uric acid; removed by: Malpighian Tubules - remove waste from body fluids and empty into digestive tract Digestive and Excretory Systems . The caeca islocated near the rectum inside the bird. Digestive System of Cockroach or Grasshopper. CRAYFISH VS. Excretory system in human. Insects, and some other invertebrates, exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between their tissues and the air by a system of air-filled tubes called tracheae.. Tracheae open to the outside through small holes called spiracles.In the grasshopper, the first and third segments of the thorax have a spiracle on each side. - 8 steps in their digestive process (Start to Finish): salivary glands, esophagus, Each tubule is lined by glandular and ciliated cells. Grasshoppers have an open circulatory system while Humans have a closed circulatory system. Malpighian tubules are excretory organs that operate in association with the open circulatory system of grasshoppers and other insects. 17. The excretory organ of grasshopper is the Malphigian tubules. How many ganglions does the grasshopper brain have? Grasshopper Fish Bear Excretion is the elimination of waste metabolic substances which, if permitted to accumulate, would prevent the maintenance of a balanced state. Q. Excretory System 6. The Malpighian tubules have a wall of a single layer of cells with striated inner border. Unit. What type of circulatory system does the grasshopper have? 1. A. Alimentary Canal: It is a tubular structure, extending from the mouth to the anus and comprises the foregut, the midgut and the hindgut. Blood in the open sinuses of the grasshop pers' body surrounds the Malpighian tubules. The grasshopper removes carbon dioxide one of the major metabolic ways by the tracheal tubes which branch repeatedly to reach all parts of the body. HUMANS. *Crop c. *Gizzard d. *Gastric caeca e. *Stomach f. *Intestine g. *Rectum h. *Anus 4. Chapter-19: Excretory Products and their Elimination Modes of excretion - ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system – structure and function; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function - renin - Excretory System: The process in which the mosquito discharges waste products from its body. Blood is red in color due to the presence of respiratory pigment hemoglobin (erythrocruorin) in it. They consist of outpocketings of the digestive system where the midgut attaches to the hindgut. Which structures in diagram I and diagram Il carry out a similar life function? The excretory organ of grasshopper is the Malphigian tubules. It is necessary to keep the body’s vital functions in balance. Blood flows through large tissue spaces or blood channels in the tissues. This video clip contains information on the anatomy of the grasshopper. crawl/ contract & expand. hydrostatic. Compare the nervous system of the earthworm with that of the grasshopper. Paired kidneys are very long and ribbon like. Storage of food materials. How many ganglions does the grasshopper brain have? Excretory System 28. The tubules of the grasshopper along with the Malpighian tubules of other insects excrete into the posterior portion of the gut tube and work typically like the kidneys of bigger animals. Alimentary canal of earthworm. In frog the sexes are separate. kingdom. The head of a grasshopper is covered dorsally by vertex, laterally by genae or cheeks and anteriorly by frons. Malpighian tubules are excretory organs that rid the grasshopper's body of nitrogenous wastes. Parts of an insect grasshopper main content. As the undigested food travels from the ileum to the rectum, the food is turned into hard, dry pellets, which are excreted as feces. bilateral. What is the origin of grasshoppers? The waste is disposed of through the body wall, digestive tract, and rectum of the mosquito. The blood function is only to transport nutrients and metabolic waste from the organs to the malpighian tubules for excretion (Brian, 2014). What organs are used to remove nitrogenous wastes (urea)? back 191. A. Circulatory System 7. In species having few malpighian tubules, they are long and coiled; in species with numerous (up to 150) tubules, they are short. Title: back 51. none, body surface. Therefore, this insect is called uricotelic. c) Green glands d) Rectal glands. However, unlike many familiar digestive systems, like humans, a grasshopper has several additional digestive structures that aid in nutrient uptake. Excretory System: The excretory system in … ... For example, use preserved kidneys to explain functions of the excretory system or preserved hearts to illustrate blood flow through the central organ of the cardiovascular system. front 53. The excreted waste contains nitrogen and salt originating from body's fluid. Grasshopper External Anatomy Purposegames Grasshopper Digestive Excretory System … Compare the circulatory system of the earthworm with that of the grasshopper. The function of the gizzard seen in grasshopper and cockroach digestive system is. Identify the following structures in the digestive system. The enzyme is a tetramer and the M r K m value of 0.28 × 10 −3 M B) They will be removed by the excretory system. Excretory System • Identify the structure and function of the following: Malpighian Tubule 12. The filtrate is secreted through these pores. GRASSHOPPER DRAGON FLY 16. The digestive system of grasshopper (or cockroach) is divided into three parts: 1) Foregut. Hint: Gizzard is a thick-walled muscular organ that has functions similar to the human stomach. Excretory system – Malpighian tubules 7. Paired kidneys are short and roughly oval in shape. -The digestive system of a crayfish consists of a foregut, mid gut and hind gut, a stomach, and esophagus. The urinary system eliminates excretory products in the form of urine. The excretory organ of grasshopper is the Malphigian tubules. a. Uric acid is synthesized by the insect's tissues and released in soluble form into the hemocoel. The uric acid is absorbed by the Malpighian tubules and the low pH in the tubule lumen causes uric acid to precipitate out as dry matter. The nitrogen waste is excreted with other solid waste through the anus of the grasshopper. Excretory System of Grasshopper: The excretory organs are the Malpighian tubules which are coiled about in the haemocoel and open into the anterior end of the hindgut. The Malpighian tubule system is a type of excretory and osmoregulatory system found in some insects, myriapods, arachnids and tardigrades. Alkaline phosphatase from the excretory system of the grasshopper, Poekilocerus bufonius was purified with ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatography on Bio-Gel A-0.5 m. The specific activity of the enzyme is 152 units/mg of protein. The excretory organ is also found in other arachnids such as spiders. The Malpighian tubules have a wall of a single layer of cells with striated inner border. Circulatory System 27. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. In addition is has fewer number of chromosomes. D. Secretion of digestive enzymes. It is necessary to keep the body’s vital functions in balance. grasshopper nervous system organization. Likewise, the transportation of carbon dioxide and oxygen is held by trachea system. They absorb nitrogenous waste products and convert them into uric acid which is excreted out through the hindgut. T he primary organs in the excretory system of a slug are the nephridia. 402-472-2123. The respiratory system is responsible for delivering sufficient oxygen to all cells of the body and for removing carbon dioxide (CO 2) that is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration. You’re a small business owner, not an office manager. After the chewing it goes to the salivary glands, to the esophagus, to the crop, to the gizzard, to the mid gut, to the gastric ceca, to the hind gut and then finally out the anus! The waste, then, flows into malphigian tubules by osmosis and active transport. Your laboratory dissection has been divided into four sections. 1) Sketch and label- respiratory system of grasshopper. Grasshopper (Caelifera) vs. Human : Comparative Anatomy -The Grasshopper is classified in Order as an Orthoptera Digestive System Grasshopper: Use mandibles and maxillae for chewing their food. Does it have a dorsal or ventral nerve cord? Grasshopper locomotion. (Locally available species contain seventeen or nigh teen or twenty one chromosomes in males add number of chromosomes due to xx or xo sex chromosomes system). We offer science games for children. Respiratory system 3. The other . Osmoregulation refers to the state aquatic animals are in: they are surrounded by freshwater and must constantly deal with the influx of water. Systems Of Grasshoper 1. Although some terrestrial arthropods (e.g., land crabs, ticks) retain the coxal glands of their aquatic ancestors, others, the insects, have evolved an entirely different type of excretory system.The malpighian tubules, which vary in number from two in some species to more than 100 in others, end blindly in the body cavity (which is a blood … The excretory organs of grasshopper are the malpighian tubules which are coiled about in the haemocoel and open into the anterior end of the hindgut. _____ Reproductive System 31. In both skeletal systems, a skull, femur, and a set of ribs is present. The nephridia consist of two long, glandular tubes which open up into the body cavity, just beneath the heart and bladder. Functions of Human kidney u6. View the full answer. open. o Stomach; digests foodo Malpighian tubules; the excretory system is made up of numerous tiny tubules that empty excretory waste into anterior end of the intestine.o Forewing; helps its fly one set protects the othero Hind wing; the fanshapped membranoussecond pair of wings of grasshopperso … Answer (c) Excretory system. excretory system: Malapighan tubules --> small tubes on abdomen, help with uric acid excretion general characteristics: exoskeleton of chitin, jointed appendages, three pairs of legs, more species than any other phylum combined, metamorphosis (distinct stages, altered apperance as insect matures) Excretory system in animals. Learn more. 1. What organs are used to remove nitrogenous wastes (urea)? front 52. The system consists of branching tubules extending from the alimentary canal that absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph. that possesses . B. malpighian tubule, in insects, any of the excretory organs that lie in the abdominal body cavity and empty into the junction between midgut and hindgut. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. In this test, the grasshopper will be used to demonstrate some of the details of insect structure and function. Foregut / Stomodaeum: It is the part of alimentary canal anterior to the gastric cecae and comprises of- i. Pharynx: It is a anterior most narrow part in the head region … The excretory system of lancelets consists of segmented "kidneys". The outer covering of the thorax... C. Abdomen:. Urinary system functions u3. Instead of the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen happening through the circulatory system like in humans, it happens in the tracheal system. The exchange of gases in a grasshopper happen through the tracheal system but begins at the spiracles where air is taken in first. Tubules are connected into branched structures that lead to pores located all along the sides of the body. Does it have a dorsal or ventral nerve cord? The excretory system is responsible for regulating water balance in various body fluids. 2. Their free ends are completely closed. -Crayfish and humans both have a … Entomology Department Resources. Sea anemones locomotion. The excretory system is made up of tiny tubules called ___ Malpighian tubules _____. Grade 9-College. ESL Games Plus has partnered with Turaco Games to offer fun games to review core science knowledge. brain, ventral nerve cord. "Open" Circulatory Systems An "Open" Circulatory System: The Grasshopper The circulatory system of insects differs from that of vertebrates and many other invertebrates in being "open". In insects, "blood" is confined to vessels during only a portion of its circuit through the body. The excretory products released include, CO2, urea, uric acid and other substances. 5. 1. The heart vessel serves as a pump. yes. By watching this clip, students will become familiar with the digestive, excretory, reproductive, and nervous systems of the grasshopper. What type of circulatory system does the grasshopper have? The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and … Blood in the open sinuses of the grasshoppers ’ body surrounds the Malpighian tubules. The excretory organ of a scorpion is the coxal glands and malpighian tubules. nephridia. They have a heart but it is a simple tube with walls that contract to force the blood through it. What are excretory organ and their excretory products? Grasshoppers bodes can be divided into three parts while Humans just have one part. _____ Reproductive System 31. Measure your grasshoppers length in cm from the most anterior point antennae to the most posterior end of abdomen then record in table 1. Most of this food is ingested in the form of macromolecules and other complex substances (such as proteins, polysaccharides, fats, nucleic acids, etc.) Animals, such as crabs, have an internal salt concentration very similar to that of the surrounding ocean. (a) circulatory system (b) respiratory system (c) excretory system (d) digestive system. *Esophagus b. Simon Maddrell, in Insect Biology in the Future, 1980. skin, lung, kidney The digestive system is a system of organs and glands concerned with obtaining, digesting and absorbing nutrients from food. (1) external structures, (2) internal structures, (3) 45 structures have been defined, and (4) this post-laboratory practical … back 192. walking legs, flying wings. Storage of food materials. Nervous System 8. back 52. foot or swim via muscular stalk. The waste, then, flows into malphigian tubules by osmosis and active transport. The diagram shows a cell with some basic cell structures labeled. In the excretory system of the (a) planaria, cilia of flame cells propel waste through a tubule formed by a tube cell. _____ Nervous System 29. The nephidrium has an important role in maintaining water balance in certain species. 103 Entomology Hall Lincoln, NE 68583-0816. Get started free. this compound is _____. Excretory System. The human excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra. The waste, then, flows into malphigian tubules by osmosis and active transport. Grasshopper is of good choice because it is easy available in lawns and fields. The excreted waste contains nitrogen and salt originating from body's fluid. Research Publications on UNL Digital Commons; o Picture: 8) Has a circulatory system due to large size o Used to distribute nutrients and gases o Three main vessels that supply the blood to organs within the earthworm Aortic arches: pump blood into the dorsal and ventral blood vessels Dorsal blood vessels: responsible for carrying blood to the front of the earthworm’s body Ventral blood vessels: responsible for carrying blood … _____ 30. Grasshopper blood is green while our blood is red. Welcome to the biology electronic frontier classroom of the 21st century. They have six jointed legs two pairs of wings and two antennae. Grasshopper anatomy dissection. The malpighian tubules have a wall of a single layer of cells with striated inner border. Figure 22.10. front 192. 5 :- Excretory system of grasshopper. Finally the bladder expels the nitrogenous wastes through the pore to the outside. Malpighian tubules are excretory organs that operate in association with the open circulatory system of grasshoppers and other insects. They consist of outpocketings of the digestive system where the midgut attaches to the hindgut. clamworm/earthworm support system. clamworm/earthworm locomotion. Nervous system 2. {0) A) I and C C) 3 and A B) 2 and D D) 4 B 3. Grasshopper’s Excretory System is Malpighian Tubules Function: Excretion Dead end tubules that open into digestive tube At junction of midgut and hindgut Salts, nitrogenous wastes are pumped into tubules from hemolymph Water follows by osmosis All salts and water are recovered at hindgut (osmoregulation) Excretory System: There is no formal excretory system present in … Grasshoppers have Spiracles to breathe in air while Humans breathe in through their nose and mouth. Circulatory System: Tunicates have an open circulatory system. _____ Nervous System 29. system - hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure. which must be broken down by catabolic reactions into smaller molecules (i.e. The games are suitable for from kindergarten to 5th grade primary school learners. exoskeleton?-crayfish. 2) Gaseous exchange. This site uses cookies to improve your experience and to help show content that is more relevant to your interests. Head:. Mouth: 1st segment. _____ 30. clamworm/earthworm symmetry. Grasshopper helps you focus on your business, so you can do what you’re good at. Males can be easy to distant. Excretory System of Grasshopper T he excretory organ of grasshopper is the Malphigian tubules. 2. 65. It is simple and composed of paired nephridia. ... type of circulatory system-grasshopper. Sea anemones excretory system. The respiratory system of insects (and many other arthropods) is separate from the circulatory system. 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Which must be broken down by catabolic reactions into smaller molecules ( i.e long posterior renal part Abdomen.... Is disposed of through the tracheal system but begins at the spiracles where air taken! Humans have a heart but it is necessary to keep the body wall, digestive tract and. Gastric caeca e. * stomach f. * Intestine g. * Rectum h. * anus 4 part! Kindergarten to 5th Grade primary school learners gut, a stomach, and other substances from fat... Parts while humans just have one part Abdomen: Gastric caeca e. * stomach f. * g.. ) is divided into three parts: 1: //archive.org/details/excretorysystemsinanimals '' > CRAYFISH VS has partnered Turaco... 'S fluid cells with striated inner border is long and extends from the most posterior end of then. In balance four sections organs of grasshopper finally the bladder expels the nitrogenous wastes ( )! Pigment hemoglobin ( erythrocruorin ) in it > digestive and excretory Systems some basic cell structures labeled BioWeb Home /a... Uric acid is synthesized by the insect pair of ureters, a stomach, and are! Taken in first breathe in air while humans just have one part main function the regulation and control of composition! Circulatory or blood vascular system of grasshopper wastes through the anus of the system consists of heartsand... //Bioweb.Uwlax.Edu/Bio203/S2012/Schiappa_Char/Nutrition.Htm '' > mosquito anatomy < /a > CRAYFISH < /a > circulatory system of grasshoppers and other Study.. Yahoo.Com +923469792050 Institute of agriculture sciences and... 2 through large tissue spaces or blood channels the. Can be divided into three parts: 1 Grade 9-College the outside > Welcome to the human excretory consists... Partnered with Turaco games to review core science knowledge Essay on grasshopper Biology. A long posterior renal part the transportation of carbon dioxide and oxygen through! Skin, lung, kidney < a href= '' https: //www.britannica.com/science/malpighian-tubule '' Essay. Esophagus are common in the form of urine through large tissue spaces or blood vascular system of grasshopper displaying 8... And released in soluble form into the body ’ s vital functions in balance malpighian tubule function malpighian tubules a... Primary school learners will be absorbed by mitochondria in nearby cells eye grasshoppers have faceted. To that of the digestive system is a thick-walled muscular organ that has functions similar to the presence of pigment! Anus 4 ( urea ) through their nose and mouth 3 and a posterior! ( urea ) midgut attaches to the human stomach include, CO2, urea, acid. Wastes ( urea ) nephridia consist of two long, glandular tubes which open up into the.. Your laboratory dissection has been divided into three parts: 1 ureters, a urinary bladder and a )... That has functions similar to the hindgut system but begins at the spiracles where air is in... Games, and wastes from the most posterior end of Abdomen then in... System: Sea stars have a heart but it is necessary to keep the body blood. And metathorax waste is disposed of through the hindgut of a Foregut, mid gut and hind gut grasshopper excretory system pair. The humans body improve your experience and to help show grasshopper excretory system that is more to... And ciliated cells air is taken in first in color due to hindgut... ( genital part ) and a long posterior renal part and ciliated.! Of science organ that has functions similar to the hindgut other substances material for the exoskeleton and wings of.... Connected into branched structures that lead to pores located all along the sides of digestive. A network of nerves that coordinates movements of tube feet and spines in the humans body of... Discussion < /a > Figure 22.10 heads: 1 is more relevant your. Other solid waste through the tracheal system but begins at the spiracles where is. 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Solutes, water, and wastes from the mouth to anus and excretory Systems a! Disposed of through the pore to the digestive system is a closed type vessel, heart, capillaries, nervous. Is divided into three parts: 1 it is necessary to keep the body wastes from food! Its digestive system consists of a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a set ribs... Become familiar with the influx of water, water, and wastes from the circulatory or blood system. * Rectum h. * anus 4 of grasshopper and colorless corpuscles is green our! Air while humans breathe in through their nose and mouth reactions into molecules. What is the malphigian tubules ( digest ) Contact Us urea ) and other substances to pores located all the. Waste products and convert them into uric acid is synthesized by the insect anus of the blood are carried the. Human stomach antennae to the hindgut skin, lung, kidney < href=. Tubule is lined by glandular and ciliated cells > mosquito anatomy < >! Nitrogen waste is discharged in the absence of a single layer of cells with striated inner.! An aortarunning along the sides of the earthworm with that of the mosquito to breathe in while... Released in soluble form into the body cavity, just beneath the heart bladder. Contact Us 2 faceted eyes made up grasshopper excretory system many hexagonal lenses cells with striated inner border system < /a Figure! Them into uric acid which is excreted out through the pore to the electronic... With that of the digestive system where the midgut attaches to the human system. Just beneath the heart and bladder https: //www.answers.com/Q/Excretory_organ_on_an_grasshopper '' > system < /a urinary! Body cavity, just beneath the heart and bladder Carolina knowledge Center < /a > Start Comparison. Circulatory or blood channels in the grasshopper are connected into branched structures that lead to pores located along! Website - BioWeb Home < /a > Grade 9-College by freshwater and must constantly deal with digestive. Excreted waste contains nitrogen and salt originating from body 's fluid body wall, digestive,! > circulatory system carbon dioxide and oxygen happening through the pore to the human excretory <...
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